![]() However, almost 40 years thereafter, in 2020, pain was redefined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience related to or similar to actual or potential tissue damage. The International Association for the Study of Pain defined pain as “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” in 1979. Keywords: CCR2, hippocampal dentate gyrus, microglia, neurogenesis, spinal dorsal horn, TRAF6 At 5 weeks post-CCI, both DCX and PROX1 expression was markedly increased in the Ex group compared to the No-Ex group.Ĭonclusion: Our findings suggest that regular exercise can improve the neuropathic pain-induced neurogenic dysfunction in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. In the hippocampus, DCX, but not PROX1, expression was significantly higher in the Ex group than in the No-Ex group at 3 weeks post-CCI. IBA1, GFAP, CCR2, and TRAF6 expression was markedly lower in the Ex group than in the No-Ex group at 5 weeks post-CCI. In the spinal cord dorsal horn, IBA1, CCR2, and TRAF6 expression was markedly lower in the Ex group than in the No-Ex group at 3 weeks post-CCI. Results: The 50% pain response threshold was significantly lower in the Ex than in the No-Ex group at 5 weeks post-CCI, indicating pain relief. Using immunohistochemistry, we examined activation of glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) by CCR2 and TRAF6 expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn and DCX and PROX1 expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. The 50% pain response threshold was assessed by mechanical stimulation. The Ex group exercised on a treadmill at 20 m/min for 30 min, 5 days per week for 5 weeks post-CCI. Normal rats (Normal group) were used as controls. Methods: CCI model rats were randomly divided into exercise (Ex) and no exercise (No-Ex) groups. This study created a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model in rats to examine the effects of regular exercise on neuropathic pain relief, elucidate the mechanism, and determine the effects of neuropathic pain in the hippocampus. Pharmacological treatments for neuropathic pain are limited, and 40– 60% of patients do not achieve even partial relief of their pain. Effective treatment of neuropathic pain is difficult. Purpose: Pain disrupts the daily and social lives of patients with neuropathic pain. 23-31.Megumi Sumizono, 1, 2 Yushin Yoshizato, 1 Ryohei Yamamoto, 1 Takaki Imai, 1 Akira Tani, 2 Kazuki Nakanishi, 2 Tomomi Nakakogawa, 2 Teruki Matsuoka, 2 Ryoma Matsuzaki, 2 Takashi Tanaka, 3 Harutoshi Sakakima 2ġDepartment of Rehabilitation, Kyushu University of Nursing and Social Welfare, Kumamoto, Japan 2Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan 3Department of Rehabilitation, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, JapanĬorrespondence: Megumi Sumizono, Department of Rehabilitation, Kyushu University of Nursing and Social Welfare, 888 Tominoo, Tamana, Kumamoto, 865-0062, Japan, Tel/Fax +81 968-75-1931, Email (2010), "An investigation into the relationship between digit length ratio (2D: 4D) and psychopathy", The British Journal of Forensic Practice, Vol. This result sheds an interesting new light on the physiological correlates of psychopathy and the role that pre‐natal oestrogen plays in organisational effects on the brain during pre‐ and post‐natal development. Gender is also a correlate of psychopathy, as males scored significantly higher than females at 0.01 probability levels. T‐tests, multiple partial correlations and multiple regression found that, contrary to the research hypothesis, a higher level of pre‐natal oestrogen, as indicated by a larger 2D: 4D digit ratio, is a positive correlate of psychopathy in females, and a positive correlate of callous affect (psychopathy sub‐scale) in males, at less than 0.01 probability levels. The scans were later measured and computed for digit ratios. Each participant completed a self‐report psychopathy scale, a cognitive empathy test, a verbal IQ test and a scan of both hands. Fifty‐four participants volunteered and were gathered via purposive and convenience sampling. The study facilitates a within‐subjects correlational design, using a quasi‐experimental method consisting of questionnaires and digit measurements. The main research hypothesis predicts that 2D: 4D digit ratios will correlate negatively with psychopathy scores and positively with cognitive empathy scores. This study investigates whether a higher level of pre‐natal testosterone, as indicated by the 2D: 4D digit ratio, is a correlate of psychopathy and cognitive empathy.
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